Input-Output Graph Centrality#
And so we all matter - maybe less then a lot but always more than none - John Green
Input-output analysis in economics models the interdependencies between sectors by tracking the flow of goods and services. Graph centrality measures are valuable tools for analyzing the structure and dynamics of such networks. By representing input-output data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) as a directed graph (with sectors as nodes and transactions as edges from producers to consumers), we can apply centrality metrics to identify the most influential sectors driving overall economic activity.
# By: Terence Lim, 2020-2025 (terence-lim.github.io)
import pandas as pd
from pandas import DataFrame, Series
import networkx as nx
from finds.database import RedisDB
from finds.readers import BEA
from finds.recipes import graph_info, graph_draw
from secret import credentials
# %matplotlib qt
VERBOSE = 0
pd.set_option('display.max_rows', None)
pd.set_option('display.max_colwidth', 200)
rdb = RedisDB(**credentials['redis'])
bea = BEA(rdb, **credentials['bea'], verbose=VERBOSE)
years = [1947, 2023]
vintages = [1997, 1963, 1947] # when sectoring schemes were revised
vintage = min(vintages)
Centrality measures#
Graph centrality measures help quantify the importance of nodes within a network, providing insight into their roles and influence.
Degree Centrality measures the number of edges connected to a node, indicating its direct level of activity.
Betweenness Centrality quantifies the extent to which a node lies on the shortest paths between other nodes, capturing its role in network connectivity.
Closeness Centrality assesses how close a node is to all other nodes based on shortest path distances, highlighting its accessibility.
Eigenvector Centrality evaluates a node’s importance based on the centrality of its neighbors, giving higher scores to nodes connected to other influential nodes.
PageRank Centrality was originally developed to rank web pages and operates as a random walk process, estimating the long-term likelihood of visiting each node by following edges.
Hubs are nodes with many outgoing edges, acting as facilitators of flow to other parts of the network.
Authorities are nodes with many incoming edges, representing highly influential entities that are frequently referenced by other nodes.
# Helper to compute centrality measures
def nodes_centrality(G, weight='weight', cost=False, alpha=0.99):
"""Return dict of vertex centrality measures
Args:
G: Graph may be directed or indirected, weighted or unweighted
weight: name of edge attribute for weights, Set to None for unweighted
cost: If True, then weights are costs; else weights are importances
"""
out = {}
# Degree centrality, for directed and undirected graphs
if nx.is_directed(G):
out['in_degree'] = nx.in_degree_centrality(G)
out['out_degree'] = nx.out_degree_centrality(G)
else:
out['degree'] = nx.degree_centrality(G)
# Hubs and Authorities
out['hub'], out['authority'] = nx.hits(G)
# if weights are costs, then Eigenvector and Pagerank ignore weights
if not cost and nx.is_weighted(G):
out['eigenvector'] = nx.eigenvector_centrality(G, weight=weight, max_iter=1000)
out['pagerank'] = nx.pagerank(G, weight=weight, alpha=alpha)
else:
out['eigenvector'] = nx.eigenvector_centrality(G, max_iter=1000)
out['pagerank'] = nx.pagerank(G, alpha=alpha)
# if weights are importances, then Betweeness and Closeness ignore weights
if cost and nx.is_weighted(G):
out['betweenness'] = nx.betweenness_centrality(G, weight=weight)
out['closeness'] = nx.closeness_centrality(G, distance=weight)
else:
out['betweenness'] = nx.betweenness_centrality(G)
out['closeness'] = nx.closeness_centrality(G)
return out
BEA Input-Output Use Tables#
Input-output analysis is an economic modeling technique used to study interdependencies among different sectors. It involves constructing input-output tables that track the flow of goods and services between industries, quantifying how changes in one sector impact others.
# Read IOUse tables from BEA website
ioUses = {year: bea.read_ioUse(year=year, vintage=vintage) for year in years}
To analyze these relationships, we construct a directed graph from the latest BEA input-output flows, where edges flow from user sectors to make sectors. This allows us to visualize sectoral interactions and determine the most influential industries.
## Direction of edges point from user industry to maker, i.e. follows the money
tail = 'colcode' # edges follow flow of payments, from column to row
head = 'rowcode'
drop = ('F','T','U','V','Other') # drop these codes
# Display node centrality measures from latest year
ioUse = ioUses[max(years)]
data = ioUse[(~ioUse['rowcode'].str.startswith(drop) &
~ioUse['colcode'].str.startswith(drop))].copy()
# extract cross data; generate and load edges (as tuples) to graph
data = data[(data['colcode'] != data['rowcode'])]
data['weights'] = data['datavalue'] / data['datavalue'].sum()
edges = data.loc[data['weights'] > 0, [tail, head, 'weights']].values.tolist()
G = nx.DiGraph()
G.add_weighted_edges_from(edges, weight='weight')
# Display graph properties
Series(graph_info(G)).rename('Properties').to_frame()
| Properties | |
|---|---|
| transitivity | 0.903811 |
| average_clustering | 0.849259 |
| weakly_connected | True |
| weakly_connected_components | 1 |
| size_largest_weak_component | 47 |
| strongly_connected | False |
| strongly_connected_components | 4 |
| size_largest_strong_component | 44 |
| directed | True |
| weighted | True |
| negatively_weighted | False |
| edges | 1689 |
| nodes | 47 |
| selfloops | 0 |
| density | 0.781221 |
Vizualise graphs of input-output flows for the earliest and latest years available, highlighting the top five sectors with the highest PageRank centrality scores.
colors = ['lightgrey', 'darkgreen', 'lightgreen']
# Populate and plot graph of first and last table years
for ifig, year in enumerate(years):
# keep year, drop invalid rows
ioUse = ioUses[year]
data = ioUse[(~ioUse['rowcode'].str.startswith(drop) &
~ioUse['colcode'].str.startswith(drop))].copy()
# create master table of industries and measurements
master = data[data['rowcode'] == data['colcode']][['rowcode','datavalue']]\
.set_index('rowcode')\
.rename(columns={'datavalue': 'self'})
# extract cross data; generate and load edges (as tuples) to graph
data = data[(data['colcode'] != data['rowcode'])]
data['weights'] = data['datavalue'] / data['datavalue'].sum()
edges = data.loc[data['weights'] > 0, [tail, head, 'weights']]\
.values\
.tolist()
G = nx.DiGraph()
G.add_weighted_edges_from(edges, weight='weight')
nx_labels = BEA.short_desc[list(G.nodes)].to_dict()
# update master table industry flow values
master = master.join(data.groupby(['colcode'])['datavalue'].sum(), how='outer')\
.rename(columns={'datavalue': 'user'})
master = master.join(data.groupby(['rowcode'])['datavalue'].sum(), how='outer')\
.rename(columns={'datavalue': 'maker'})
master = master.fillna(0).astype(int)
# inweight~supply~authority~eigenvector~pagerank, outweight~demand~hub
centrality = DataFrame(nodes_centrality(G)) # compute centrality metrics
master = master.join(centrality, how='left')
master['bea'] = BEA.short_desc[master.index].to_list()
# visualize graph
score = centrality['pagerank']
node_size = score.to_dict()
node_color = {node: colors[0] for node in G.nodes()}
if ifig == 0:
center_name = score.index[score.argmax()]
else:
node_color.update({k: colors[2] for k in top_color})
top_color = list(score.index[score.argsort()[-5:]])
node_color.update(dict.fromkeys(top_color, colors[1]))
pos = graph_draw(G,
num=ifig+1,
figsize=(10, 10),
center_name=center_name,
node_color=node_color,
node_size=node_size,
edge_color='r',
k=3,
pos=(pos if ifig else None),
font_size=10,
font_weight='semibold',
labels=master['bea'].to_dict(),
title=f"Top 5 Nodes By Pagerank in {year} ({vintage}-sectoring scheme)")
Display centrality scores for all BEA sectors based on the latest year’s input-output data:
# show industry flow values and graph centrality measures
master = pd.concat(
(data[data['rowcode'] == data['colcode']][['rowcode', 'datavalue']]\
.set_index('rowcode')\
.rename(columns={'datavalue': 'self'}),
data.groupby(['colcode'])['datavalue'].sum().rename('user'),
data.groupby(['rowcode'])['datavalue'].sum().rename('maker')),
join='outer', axis=1).fillna(0).astype(int)
master = master.join(DataFrame(nodes_centrality(G)), how='left')
master['bea'] = BEA.short_desc[master.index].to_list()
print(f"Node Centrality of BEA Input-Output Use Table {year}")
master.drop(columns=['self']).round(3)
Node Centrality of BEA Input-Output Use Table 2023
| user | maker | in_degree | out_degree | hub | authority | eigenvector | pagerank | betweenness | closeness | bea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 111CA | 183083 | 413260 | 0.478 | 0.783 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.039 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.657 | Farms |
| 113FF | 4764 | 83642 | 0.543 | 0.652 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.687 | Forestry,fishing |
| 211 | 189659 | 491570 | 0.674 | 0.674 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.072 | 0.032 | 0.004 | 0.754 | Oil, gas |
| 212 | 43330 | 125323 | 0.870 | 0.804 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.885 | Mining |
| 213 | 29107 | 23233 | 0.087 | 0.652 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.523 | Support mining |
| 22 | 148366 | 426549 | 1.000 | 0.717 | 0.008 | 0.026 | 0.085 | 0.029 | 0.002 | 1.000 | Utilities |
| 23 | 1108514 | 381314 | 1.000 | 0.761 | 0.037 | 0.027 | 0.111 | 0.020 | 0.004 | 1.000 | Construction |
| 311FT | 610392 | 378716 | 0.630 | 0.804 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.039 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.730 | Food |
| 313TT | 22726 | 46617 | 0.848 | 0.761 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.868 | Textile |
| 315AL | 9831 | 7442 | 0.435 | 0.674 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.639 | Apparel |
| 321 | 64039 | 187546 | 0.957 | 0.804 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.037 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.958 | Wood |
| 322 | 72249 | 177891 | 0.978 | 0.717 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.030 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.979 | Paper |
| 323 | 42407 | 84936 | 0.739 | 0.804 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.022 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.793 | Printing |
| 324 | 514797 | 537972 | 1.000 | 0.761 | 0.005 | 0.026 | 0.081 | 0.028 | 0.003 | 1.000 | Petroleum, coal |
| 325 | 207051 | 659545 | 1.000 | 0.804 | 0.009 | 0.031 | 0.140 | 0.051 | 0.003 | 1.000 | Chemical |
| 326 | 174402 | 358413 | 1.000 | 0.761 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.057 | 0.019 | 0.003 | 1.000 | Plastics, rubber |
| 327 | 61298 | 227005 | 0.957 | 0.739 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.046 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.958 | Nonmetallic |
| 331 | 81903 | 335633 | 0.891 | 0.717 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.043 | 0.039 | 0.001 | 0.902 | Metals |
| 332 | 195632 | 501561 | 1.000 | 0.761 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0.090 | 0.034 | 0.002 | 1.000 | Fabricated metal |
| 333 | 203600 | 266998 | 1.000 | 0.761 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.051 | 0.021 | 0.003 | 1.000 | Machinery |
| 334 | 53901 | 373613 | 0.978 | 0.696 | 0.003 | 0.020 | 0.076 | 0.022 | 0.001 | 0.979 | Computer |
| 335 | 74954 | 201230 | 1.000 | 0.717 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.043 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 1.000 | Electrical |
| 3361MV | 333656 | 199393 | 0.978 | 0.783 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.041 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.979 | Motor vehicles |
| 3364OT | 129087 | 85122 | 0.391 | 0.717 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.622 | Transport equip |
| 337 | 44645 | 54948 | 0.522 | 0.717 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.676 | Furniture |
| 339 | 69034 | 113798 | 0.935 | 0.804 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.939 | Manufacturing |
| 42 | 1134476 | 73996 | 0.848 | 0.848 | 0.085 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.868 | Wholesale |
| 44RT | 992525 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.913 | 0.080 | -0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Retail |
| 48 | 532651 | 399454 | 1.000 | 0.848 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.097 | 0.021 | 0.005 | 1.000 | Transportation |
| 493 | 55326 | 180519 | 0.913 | 0.696 | 0.004 | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.920 | Warehousing, storage |
| 51 | 715155 | 648393 | 1.000 | 0.848 | 0.062 | 0.043 | 0.212 | 0.040 | 0.005 | 1.000 | Information |
| 52 | 714298 | 1199853 | 1.000 | 0.674 | 0.070 | 0.092 | 0.400 | 0.079 | 0.002 | 1.000 | Finance,insurance |
| 531 | 1209091 | 1565039 | 1.000 | 0.739 | 0.096 | 0.113 | 0.368 | 0.081 | 0.003 | 1.000 | Real estate |
| 532RL | 275723 | 508226 | 1.000 | 0.696 | 0.021 | 0.029 | 0.147 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 1.000 | Rental |
| 54 | 772709 | 2108318 | 1.000 | 0.935 | 0.045 | 0.152 | 0.531 | 0.118 | 0.018 | 1.000 | Professional services |
| 55 | 279051 | 754756 | 0.891 | 0.848 | 0.025 | 0.051 | 0.172 | 0.048 | 0.009 | 0.902 | Management |
| 56 | 496066 | 1206168 | 1.000 | 0.913 | 0.033 | 0.099 | 0.449 | 0.076 | 0.012 | 1.000 | Administrative and waste management |
| 61 | 155822 | 31243 | 0.413 | 0.848 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.630 | Educational |
| 62 | 1211742 | 24110 | 0.130 | 0.848 | 0.090 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.535 | Healthcare |
| 71 | 182097 | 135112 | 1.000 | 0.913 | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.053 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 1.000 | Arts, entertain, rec |
| 721 | 127238 | 104038 | 0.978 | 0.826 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.052 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.979 | Accommodation |
| 722 | 614168 | 322353 | 1.000 | 0.826 | 0.038 | 0.028 | 0.118 | 0.020 | 0.004 | 1.000 | Food services |
| 81 | 350192 | 348957 | 1.000 | 0.913 | 0.029 | 0.024 | 0.099 | 0.020 | 0.012 | 1.000 | Other services |
| GFE | 40482 | 73578 | 0.761 | 0.739 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.807 | Federal enterprises |
| GFG | 479004 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.848 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | General government |
| GSLE | 296865 | 42462 | 0.891 | 0.783 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.902 | State local enterprises |
| GSLG | 1162737 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.870 | 0.066 | -0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | State local general |
Compare the 1947 and 1997 sectoring schemes to examine how BEA’s industry groupings have evolved over time.
# Compare 1947 and 1997 sector schemes (BEA "summary"-level industry groups)
v1947 = BEA.sectoring(1947).rename(columns={'description': '1947'})
v1997 = BEA.sectoring(1997).rename(columns={'description': '1997'})
df = v1947[['title', '1947']].join(v1997['1997'])
df[df['1947'] != df['1997']] # changes in the sectoring scheme
| title | 1947 | 1997 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| code | |||
| 441000 | Motor vehicle and parts dealers | RETAIL TRADE | Motor vehicle and parts dealers |
| 442000 | All other retail | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 443000 | All other retail | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 444000 | Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 445000 | Food and beverage stores | RETAIL TRADE | Food and beverage stores |
| 446000 | Health and personal care stores | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 447000 | Gasoline stations | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 448000 | Clothing and clothing accessories stores | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 451000 | All other retail | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 452000 | General merchandise stores | RETAIL TRADE | General merchandise stores |
| 453000 | All other retail | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 454000 | Nonstore retailers | RETAIL TRADE | Other retail |
| 481000 | Air transportation | Transportation | Air transportation |
| 482000 | Rail transportation | Transportation | Rail transportation |
| 483000 | Water transportation | Transportation | Water transportation |
| 484000 | Truck transportation | Transportation | Truck transportation |
| 485000 | Transit and ground passenger transportation | Transportation | Transit and ground passenger transportation |
| 486000 | Pipeline transportation | Transportation | Pipeline transportation |
| 487000 | Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support activities | Transportation | Other transportation and support activities |
| 488000 | Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support activities | Transportation | Other transportation and support activities |
| 492000 | Couriers and messengers | Transportation | Other transportation and support activities |
| 511000 | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) | INFORMATION | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) |
| 511110 | Newspaper publishers | INFORMATION | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) |
| 511120 | Periodical publishers | INFORMATION | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) |
| 511130 | Book publishers | INFORMATION | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) |
| 511140 | Directory, mailing list, and other publishers | INFORMATION | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) |
| 511190 | Directory, mailing list, and other publishers | INFORMATION | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) |
| 511210 | Software publishers | INFORMATION | Publishing industries, except internet (includes software) |
| 512000 | Motion picture and sound recording industries | INFORMATION | Motion picture and sound recording industries |
| 512100 | Motion picture and video industries | INFORMATION | Motion picture and sound recording industries |
| 512200 | Sound recording industries | INFORMATION | Motion picture and sound recording industries |
| 513000 | Broadcasting and telecommunications | INFORMATION | Broadcasting and telecommunications |
| 514000 | Data processing, internet publishing, and other information services | INFORMATION | Data processing, internet publishing, and other information services |
| 515100 | Radio and television broadcasting | INFORMATION | Broadcasting and telecommunications |
| 515200 | Cable and other subscription programming | INFORMATION | Broadcasting and telecommunications |
| 517100 | Wired telecommunications carriers | INFORMATION | Broadcasting and telecommunications |
| 517200 | Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite) | INFORMATION | Broadcasting and telecommunications |
| 517400 | Satellite, telecommunications resellers, and all other telecommunications | INFORMATION | Broadcasting and telecommunications |
| 518200 | Data processing, hosting, and related services | INFORMATION | Data processing, internet publishing, and other information services |
| 519110 | News syndicates, libraries, archives and all other information services | INFORMATION | Data processing, internet publishing, and other information services |
| 519130 | Internet publishing and broadcasting and Web search portals | INFORMATION | Data processing, internet publishing, and other information services |
| 521000 | Monetary authorities and depository credit intermediation | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, and related activities |
| 522100 | Monetary authorities and depository credit intermediation | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, and related activities |
| 522200 | Nondepository credit intermediation and related activities | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, and related activities |
| 523000 | Securities, commodity contracts, and investments | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Securities, commodity contracts, and investments |
| 523100 | Securities and commodity contracts intermediation and brokerage | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Securities, commodity contracts, and investments |
| 523900 | Other financial investment activities | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Securities, commodity contracts, and investments |
| 524000 | Insurance carriers and related activities | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Insurance carriers and related activities |
| 524113 | Direct life insurance carriers | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Insurance carriers and related activities |
| 524114 | Insurance carriers, except direct life | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Insurance carriers and related activities |
| 524120 | Insurance carriers, except direct life | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Insurance carriers and related activities |
| 524130 | Insurance carriers, except direct life | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Insurance carriers and related activities |
| 524200 | Insurance agencies, brokerages, and related activities | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Insurance carriers and related activities |
| 525000 | Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles | FINANCE AND INSURANCE | Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles |
| 541100 | Legal services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Legal services |
| 541200 | Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541300 | Architectural, engineering, and related services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541400 | Specialized design services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541500 | Computer systems design and related services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Computer systems design and related services |
| 541511 | Custom computer programming services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Computer systems design and related services |
| 541512 | Computer systems design services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Computer systems design and related services |
| 541513 | Other computer related services, including facilities management | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Computer systems design and related services |
| 541519 | Other computer related services, including facilities management | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Computer systems design and related services |
| 541610 | Management consulting services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541620 | Environmental and other technical consulting services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541690 | Environmental and other technical consulting services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541700 | Scientific research and development services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541800 | Advertising, public relations, and related services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541910 | All other miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541920 | Photographic services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541930 | All other miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541940 | Veterinary services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 541990 | All other miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services | PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES | Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services |
| 561000 | Administrative and support services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561100 | Office administrative services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561200 | Facilities support services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561300 | Employment services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561400 | Business support services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561500 | Travel arrangement and reservation services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561600 | Investigation and security services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561700 | Services to buildings and dwellings | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 561900 | Other support services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Administrative and support services |
| 562000 | Waste management and remediation services | ADMINISTRATIVE AND WASTE SERVICES | Waste management and remediation services |
| 621000 | Ambulatory health care services | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 621100 | Offices of physicians | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 621200 | Offices of dentists | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 621300 | Offices of other health practitioners | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 621400 | Outpatient care centers | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 621500 | Medical and diagnostic laboratories | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 621600 | Home health care services | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 621900 | Other ambulatory health care services | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Ambulatory health care services |
| 622000 | Hospitals | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Hospitals |
| 623000 | Nursing and residential care facilities | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Nursing and residential care facilities |
| 623100 | Nursing and community care facilities | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Nursing and residential care facilities |
| 623200 | Residential mental health, substance abuse, and other residential care facilities | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Nursing and residential care facilities |
| 623300 | Nursing and community care facilities | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Nursing and residential care facilities |
| 623900 | Residential mental health, substance abuse, and other residential care facilities | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Nursing and residential care facilities |
| 624000 | Social assistance | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Social assistance |
| 624100 | Individual and family services | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Social assistance |
| 624200 | Community food, housing, and other relief services, including vocational rehabilitation services | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Social assistance |
| 624400 | Child day care services | HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE | Social assistance |
| 711000 | Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities |
| 711100 | Performing arts companies | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities |
| 711200 | Spectator sports | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities |
| 711300 | Promoters of performing arts and sports and agents for public figures | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities |
| 711500 | Independent artists, writers, and performers | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities |
| 712000 | Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Performing arts, spectator sports, museums, and related activities |
| 713000 | Amusements, gambling, and recreation industries | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Amusements, gambling, and recreation industries |
| 713100 | Amusement parks and arcades | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Amusements, gambling, and recreation industries |
| 713200 | Gambling industries (except casino hotels) | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Amusements, gambling, and recreation industries |
| 713900 | Other amusement and recreation industries | ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND RECREATION | Amusements, gambling, and recreation industries |
References:
Jason Choi & Andrew T. Foerster, 2017. “The Changing Input-Output Network Structure of the U.S. Economy,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, issue Q II, pages 23-49
https://www.bea.gov/industry/input-output-accounts-data
https://www.bea.gov/information-updates-national-economic-accounts